https://Orangex-position0.github.io/categories/computer-fundamentals/Recent content in Computer-Fundamentals on Orangex-position0的技术博客Hugo -- gohugo.iozh-cnMon, 16 Mar 2026 14:00:00 +0800https://Orangex-position0.github.io/posts/computer-fundamentals/os-basics/Mon, 16 Mar 2026 14:00:00 +0800https://Orangex-position0.github.io/posts/computer-fundamentals/os-basics/<h2 id="进程-process"><a href="#%e8%bf%9b%e7%a8%8b-process" class="header-anchor"></a>进程 (Process) </h2><p>进程是操作系统分配资源的基本单位。</p> <h3 id="进程特征"><a href="#%e8%bf%9b%e7%a8%8b%e7%89%b9%e5%be%81" class="header-anchor"></a>进程特征 </h3><ul> <li>独立性：拥有独立的内存空间</li> <li>动态性：动态创建、运行、消亡</li> <li>并发性：多个进程可以并发执行</li> </ul> <h3 id="进程状态转换"><a href="#%e8%bf%9b%e7%a8%8b%e7%8a%b6%e6%80%81%e8%bd%ac%e6%8d%a2" class="header-anchor"></a>进程状态转换 </h3><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-fallback" data-lang="fallback"><span class="line"><span class="cl">就绪 → 运行 → 阻塞 </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> ↑ ↓ </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> ←———————←—————— </span></span></code></pre></div><h2 id="线程-thread"><a href="#%e7%ba%bf%e7%a8%8b-thread" class="header-anchor"></a>线程 (Thread) </h2><p>线程是 CPU 调度的基本单位，轻量级进程（LWP）。</p> <h3 id="线程特点"><a href="#%e7%ba%bf%e7%a8%8b%e7%89%b9%e7%82%b9" class="header-anchor"></a>线程特点 </h3><ul> <li>共享进程资源（内存、文件等）</li> <li>独立的执行流（寄存器、栈）</li> <li>创建和切换开销小</li> </ul> <h2 id="进程-vs-线程"><a href="#%e8%bf%9b%e7%a8%8b-vs-%e7%ba%bf%e7%a8%8b" class="header-anchor"></a>进程 vs 线程 </h2><table> <thead> <tr> <th>特性</th> <th>进程</th> <th>线程</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>资源共享</td> <td>独立</td> <td>共享</td> </tr> <tr> <td>通信方式</td> <td>IPC（管道、消息队列等）</td> <td>共享内存</td> </tr> <tr> <td>开销</td> <td>大</td> <td>小</td> </tr> <tr> <td>安全性</td> <td>高（隔离）</td> <td>低（需同步）</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 id="总结"><a href="#%e6%80%bb%e7%bb%93" class="header-anchor"></a>总结 </h2><ul> <li>进程是资源分配单位</li> <li>线程是调度执行单位</li> <li>现代应用通常采用多线程模型提高并发性能</li> </ul>